Socio Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century

During the British rule, in addition to Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj, in Hindu religion there were many individual persons and groups, who have started many socio religious reform movements in 19th Century. During the same period, there were many Islamic reform movements started in India like Wahabi Movement, Deoband Movement, Aligarh Movement, etc, in Parsi religion, the important reform movement was Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha and in Sikh religion, the socio religious movements were Nirankari, Namdhari, Kuka Movement and Akali Movement.

Socio Religious Reform Groups and Individuals

Theosophical Society

• Theosophical Society was set up in the year 1875 in New York and it was founded by Colonel Henry Olcott of US and Madame Helena Blavatsky of Russia.
  
  
• The objective of Theosophical movement was to promote studies in Asian culture, religion, civilization and to do studies in occultism.
  
  
• It was realized later that US is not suitable for these types of studies. In 1882, it was shifted from New York to Adyar near Chennai.
  
  
• Till 1907, Colonel Olcott was the president of Theosophical Society. After that Annie Besant (Irish lady permanently settled in India) became the President.
  
  
• Annie Besant started two journals, namely (i) New India and (ii) Commonweal.
  
  
• Annie Besant started two colleges in India. In 1898, Central Hindu college was started in Varanasi. In 1916, it became Banaras Hindu University with the help of Madan Mohan Malaviya. In 1916, she started Besant Theosophical college in Madanapalle in the state of Andhra Pradesh. First Principal of this college was J.H. Cousins.



Ramakrishna Movement

• Ramakrishna Movement was started by Swami Vivekananda in the name of his mentor Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (whose original name was Gadadhar Chattopadhyay).
  
  
• He started two organizations at Belur in Calcutta as headquarters, (i) Ramakrishna Math in 1886, which is a spiritual organization and (ii) Ramakrishna Mission in 1897, which is a charitable organization.
  
  
• Swami Vivekananda started two Journals, (i) Prabuddha Bharata (in English) and (ii) Udbodhan (in Bengali).
  
  
• In 1893 at Chicago, he gave a historical speech in Parliament of the World's Religions.
  
  
• Vedanta societies were started by him in Europe and America and a number of foreigners became his disciples. Margaret Noble (Irish woman) left Ireland and settled at Belur. Vivekananda called her as Sister Nivedita. After the demise of Vivekananda, she became the head of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission at Belur.
  
  
• Vivekananda says "Worship of Human is worship to God" and he preached "Daridra Devo Bhava".



Henry Vivian Derozio

• He was a lecturer in Hindu college of Calcutta.
  
  
• He started a movement called "Young Bengal Movement". But the movement was confined to students of the college.
  
  
• He started a journal called "Bengal Spectator".





Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

• Under his supervision, the first legal widow remarriage happened in India.
  
  
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar contributed a lot to women's education and started 35 educational institutions for women, which includes Bethune college (1849) of Calcutta.
  
  
• Bethune college was first women's college in India. Kadambini Ganguly, who is the first woman to graduate in India, was from this college.



Dhondo Keshav Karve

• In Bombay, D.K. Karve started a widow home to promote widow remarriages. He is also married to a widow.
  
  
• He founded the Poona Women's University in 1916. It was the first university for women in India.
  
  
• He was awarded Bharat Ratna after Indian independence.



Gopal Hari Deshmukh

• He was a judge in Maharashtra.
  
  
• He started a journal called Lokhitwadi, after which he was called Lokhitwadi.



Mahadev Govind Ranade

• He is considered the greatest social reformer in Maharashtra.
  
  
• He was a judge of Bombay High court. He was a member of Prarthana Samaj.
  
  
• He had 3 associates of his movement
  
  
  • Pandita Ramabai Ranade - She started organizations called Poona Seva Sadan and Sharada Sadan (exclusive school for widows).
    
    
  • Gopal Ganesh Agarkar - He started Deccan Education Society. A number of schools and colleges were being established by this organization. Fergusson college, Pune is one among them.
    
    
  • Raghunatha Rao - He started a pledge movement against child marriages.



Gopala Krishna Gokhale

• In 1905, G.K. Gokhale started an organization called "Servants of India Society".
  
  
• The important members of this organization were
  
  
  • Hridayanath Kunzru, who started an organization called Seva Samiti.
    
    
  • Narayan Malhar Joshi - In 1920, he started AITUC in Bombay. It was the first national level trade union. Lala Lajpat Rai was nominated as its first president.
    
    
  • Shriram Bajpai, who started an organization called Seva Samiti Boy Scouts Association.



Behramji M. Malabari

• He was the Vice Chancellor of Bombay University. He started a journal, Mahapap Bal Vivah and edited the journals like Indian Spectator, East and West and Voice of India.
  
  
• In 1891, British Government passed "The Age of Consent Act". According to the Act, the minimum age for marriage was 12 for girls and 18 for boys. For the first time child marriages were prohibited.
  
  
• He started an organization called Seva Sadan.



Shiv Dayal Singh

• In Agra, he started an organization called Radha Soami Satsang. A number of schools are run by this Satsang throughout India.



Counter Reformation Movements

• Dharma Sabha - It was founded by Radhakanta Deb in Calcutta in 1830. It was opposing Brahmo Samaj. It strongly supported the practice of Sati.
  
  
• Bharat Dharma Mahamandala - It was started in 1887 at Haridwar by a Punjabi Brahmin, Pandit Din Dayalu Sharma against the College Group of Arya Samaj.

Islamic Reform Movements in India

Wahabi Movement in India

• Actually Wahabi movement got started in Saudi Arabia by Wahab to propagate and promote Islam to political power by Jihad.
  
  
• In 1820, this movement was started in India by Syed Ahmad Barelvi to bring back Muslims to political power by Jihad.
  
  
• British suppressed the Wahabi movement in India. Wahabis were the first prisoners of Andaman.
  
  
• In 1853, Mubariz-ud-Daulah (brother of Nizam) was emerged as the leader of Wahabi movement in Hyderabad. Mubariz was imprisoned in Golconda till his death.
  
  
• Ghulam Rasool Khan (Nawab of Kurnool in AP) was the leader of Wahabis in Kurnool. He was imprisoned in Trichy jail and his kingdom was to annexed to Ceded region.



Aligarh Movement

• Aligarh Movement was initiated by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He had loyalty towards the British and hence an anti-Nationalist. He firmly believed in western education and not in Madrasa education.
  
  
• In 1875, he started a college called Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental college which afterwards became Aligarh Muslim University.



Deoband Movement

• Deoband is a small town in Uttar Pradesh. Deoband movement was started by a group of people. It was against the Aligarh movement.
  
  
• It supported the National Movement and it was anti-British. It was firm against the western education and started promoting Madrasa education.
  
  
• In 1866, they started a Madrasa at Deoband called Darul-Uloom (biggest Islamic institution in India). The founders of this Madrasa were Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.

Parsi Reform Movements in India

• In 1851, an organization called Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha was started by a group of Parsis, namely Naoroji Furdunji, Sorabji Shapurji Bengali and Dadabhai Naoroji.
  
  
• They started a journal called Rast Goftar (The Truth Teller).

Sikh Reform Movements in India

• Three Sikh movements were started against idolatry
  
  
  • Nirankari (Formless God) Movement - It was founded by Baba Dayal Singh.
    
    
  • Namdhari Movement - It was started by Baba Balak Singh.
    
    
  • Kuka Movement - It was started by Bhagat Jawahar Mal, popularly known as Sian Saheb. They wanted to end British rule in Punjab and revive (took the path of Wahabi movement) Sikh power. It has been suppressed by the British.

• Akali Satyagraha (Akali Movement)

  • It was started in 1921 against Mahants (Priestly class). It was being supported by Mahatma Gandhi.
    
    
  • It wanted to liberate Gurudwaras from the clutches of Mahants. The important leaders of Akali movement were Kartar Singh, Tara Singh and Baba Kharak Singh.
    
    
  • The movement was successful and the British passed Gurdwara Act, 1925. As per this Act, the Mahants were kept out of Gurudwaras.
    
    
  • The Act created a committee called Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) to manage the Gurudwaras. Baba Kharak Singh was the first President of SGPC.